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A detailed description of the structure and function of watermark sensors can be found, for example, in the following scientific article, which also serves as the source for this article: "Irrometer Watermark Series: Scientific Background" from Mississippi State University. At the heart of a watermark sensor is a measurement of the electrical conductivity between two electrodes. If there is non-conductive material between these two electrodes [...]

The patented Watermark sensor for determining soil water tension in kPa has been in use worldwide since 1978. But what exactly is soil water tension? Soil water tension refers to the force with which water is retained in the soil. It is measured in units such as centibars (cb) or kilopascals (kPa). This tension is caused by the attractive forces between the [...]

TreeSense Watermark is an advanced soil moisture monitoring instrument specifically designed to accurately measure and manage the water balance of plants. Like the TreeSense Pulse Sensor, the Watermark Sensor requires certain prerequisites for effective use. These requirements ensure that the data collected is valid and useful for irrigation management. [...]